Monitoring the development of diseases on winter wheat varieties of the Central Non-Black Earth Region. Scientific and practical aspects

A system for monitoring winter wheat diseases in the Central Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia has been developed and has been in operation for over 20 years. The composition of pathogenic complexes has been studied. Wheat crops in the region are affected by over 20 diseases of fungal, viral and bacterial etiology. The most widespread are root and basal rots of fusarium etiology (Fusarium spp.), septoria leaf spot (Zymoseptoria tritici (Desm.) Quaedylieg & Crous), brown rust of wheat (Puccinia triticina (Erikss.), powdery mildew of cereals (Blumeria graminis (D) Speer.), glume blotch of wheat (Parastagonospora nodorum (Berk.) Quaedvlieg, Verkley & Crous). They occur almost every year. Somewhat less common are snow mould of cereals (Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & I.C. Hallett), root rot of cereals (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.), tan spot of wheat (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Drechs) Roberge ex), Fusarium spp. and black mould of cereals (Alternaria spp., Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link). On monitoring test plots (All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka”), using a specially developed methodology, the features of the development of the most dangerous leaf-stem and ear infections on winter wheat varieties zoned in the region were studied. The frequency of manifestation of different classes (levels) of disease development was determined: epiphytoties, moderate development, depression; numerical indices of development classes were calculated – the number of manifestations over 10 years of observations. The varieties were characterized by different “resistance” to epiphytotic development of diseases. The epiphytotic index of leaf septoria varied from 2 (Nemchinovskaya-85) to 10 (Inna), of brown rust – from 0 (Nemchinovskaya-24, etc.) to 6 (Pamyati Fedin, etc.), of ear septoria – from 0 (Moskovskaya-27, etc.) to 2 (Inna, etc.). Different susceptibility of a particular variety to epiphytotic development of diseases requires different intensity of its protection. Using the developed mathematical models, grain yield losses due to diseases were calculated. Average yield losses by variety ranged from 9.8 (Moskovskaya-82) to 17.2% (Pamyati Fedin); with variations in the testing years – from 2.0 to 29.0%. Ratings of varieties zoned in the Central Non-Black Earth Region were compiled based on yield, incidence of the most dangerous diseases, and grain yield losses. The highest and most stable yields during the years of research were shown by the varieties Moskovskaya-27, Nemchinovskaya-57, Moskovskaya-82, Nemchinovskaya-85, Nemchinovskaya-24. The average yield of these varieties was from 67.3 to 75.3 c/ha; in some years it reached 100 c/ha and more. These varieties were characterized by lower disease incidence and yield losses. Their cultivation as part of multi-varietal polygenic cenoses (variety mosaics) will reduce the risk of epiphytotic development of both endemic (local) and exodemic infections brought from other regions of the country or from other countries.

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